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common galaxias
The common galaxias or inanga (''Galaxias maculatus''), is a species of fish from the galaxiid family that is very widespread in the Southern Hemisphere. It is a slim narrow fish with a forked tail and as an adult it lives in freshwater rivers and lakes. The common galaxias grows to a length of 40 to 120 mm, but can grow up to 180 mm. The English vernacular names used for the species also include ''cowfish, jollytail, common jollytail, eel gudgeon, inaka, native trout, pulangi, slippery tarki, spotted minnow'' and ''whitebait''.
== Distribution and habitat ==
Common galaxias are one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world and can be found throughout New Zealand; in coastal streams in south eastern Australia, Tasmania and some parts of southwest Western Australia; in Chile (from 35–55°S); Patagonia, Argentina; in the Falkland Islands; and in some Pacific Islands such as New Caledonia.
Adults are mainly found in still or slow-moving water in the lower parts of coastal streams and rivers, or around the edges of lakes and lagoons. They are often found in small schools, and can tolerate a wide range of natural conditions.
Galaxiid species are, in general, threatened by human activities such as intensive agriculture, dairy, and land change use. These activities have worsened environmental conditions of the river banks (removal of vegetation and nutrient input), leading to eutrophication and subsequent hypoxia. Recent studies have shown that hypoxia imposes a significant challenge for the common galaxias,〔Urbina M.A, Glover C.N., Foster M.E. 2012. A novel oxyconforming response in the freshwater fish Galaxias maculatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 161, 301- 06.〕〔Urbina M.A and Glover C.N. 2012. Should I stay or should I go?: Physiological, metabolic and biochemical consequences of voluntary emersion upon aquatic hypoxia in the scaleless fish Galaxias maculatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 182:1057–1067. doi: 10.1007/s00360-012-0678-3〕〔Urbina M.A, Foster M.E, Glover C.N. 2011. Leap of faith: Voluntary emersion behaviour and physiological adaptations to aerial exposure in a non-aestivating freshwater fish in response to aquatic hypoxia. Physiology and Behavior 103, 240-247.〕 forcing them to jump out of the water (emerse) and take up oxygen through their skin as a last resort.〔〔Urbina M.A., Meredith, A.S., Forster, M.E. & Glover, C. N. 2014. The importance of cutaneous gas exchange in aquatic and aerial mediums in galaxiid fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, specials issue on Airbreathing fish. 84(3), 759-773.〕 This response, however, potentially increases the risks of desiccation and predation.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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